ધોરણ 10 | విષય: English
The person who preserved the ash was declared her husband because preserving her ashes with deep emotional attachment and love is considered the act of a husband.
The person who learned Sanjivani Vidya was called her father because by giving her a new life (rebirth), he acted as a life-giver or father.
The person who went on a pilgrimage was considered her son because performing religious rites and pilgrimages for the peace/salvation of a departed soul is traditionally the duty of a son.
Angad: Angad was a mighty monkey prince, the son of Bali and Tara, and the nephew of Sugriva in the epic Ramayana. He played a vital role in Rama's army during the war against Ravana and is famous for his immovable foot in Ravana’s court as an envoy.
Ashwatthama: Ashwatthama was the son of Guru Dronacharya and Kripi, and one of the immortal figures (Chiranjivi) in the epic Mahabharata. He was a formidable warrior on the side of the Kauravas and possessed a divine gem (Mani) on his forehead.
| No. | Word | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 2 | Sanyasi | The person who moves around in search of Dharma |
| 5 | Manav | A son of Manu |
| 6 | Acharya | The head of the Aashram |
| 1 | Rishi | The person who teaches Dharma |
| 7 | Vaitalik | A son of Vaital |
| 3 | Shishya | The disciple |
| 4 | Danav | A son of Danu |
monsters → demons
huts → hermitage
pupils → disciples
wood → firewood
yagna → sacrificial fire
sent for → summoned
Bahubali undertook the responsibility of protecting the nation against enemies. Unfortunately, there were many complaints about his misdeeds and dishonesty, so he was summoned to the court of the king where he was charged with betraying the nation. He pleaded to prove himself innocent. But none of his excuses was accepted. At last, the king discarded him from his army.
go in / go into:
Meaning: To examine or investigate / To enter.
Sentence: The principal decided to go into the details of the student's complaint.
run at:
Meaning: To rush towards someone aggressively / To attack.
Sentence: A furious wild dog began to run at the passerby.
take for:
Meaning: To consider or mistake someone/something as.
Sentence: People often take him for an artist because of his long hair.
put off:
Meaning: To postpone / To delay.
Sentence: The committee decided to put off the meeting until next Monday.
put out:
Meaning: To extinguish a fire.
Sentence: The firefighters worked bravely to put out the burning building.
go by:
Meaning: To pass (time) / To follow rules.
Sentence: As time went by, Kach became more skillful in his duties.
The policeman came to the restaurant in search of an accused. → (Page 81, Line 15): "In course of time the Asurs found out why Kach was staying with Shukracharya."
The supervisor knew why I was opening my compass box now and then. → (Page 81, Line 18): "They did not want the secret of reviving dead people to be known to the Devs..."
The new accountant with his sincerity won the heart of the manager. → (Page 81, Line 11): "Because of his keen devotion and good service he won the favour of Shukracharya."
The disciple at the end of schooling got blessings of his guru and returned home. → (Page 82, Line 21): "Kach stayed for some more time and then sought the blessings of his master to return home."
We, siblings spent our days of childhood with lots of fun. → (Page 82, Line 30): "We have spent happy days together as sister and brother."
sought help:
Sentence: I sought help of my friend to solve some theorems.
undertake a task/job:
Sentence: Kach agreed to undertake a task assigned by the Devs.
fell in love:
Sentence: Devayani fell in love with Kach at first sight.
magic spell:
Sentence: Shukracharya brought Kach back to life using a magic spell.
gather firewood:
Sentence: Kach went into the forest to gather firewood for the sacrificial fire.
betrayed trust:
Sentence: Devayani accused Kach that he betrayed her trust.
Male (M): salesman, headmaster, waiter, widower, bridegroom, landlord, sir, gentleman
Female (F): actress
Both (M/F): doctor, cook, professor, painter, journalist, parent
You have just passed an important exam with flying colours. → I would be thrilled.
Your friend has bought the latest smart phone that you cannot buy. → I would be jealous.
Your lovely dog has just died. → I would be miserable.
You have to make a speech on The Teachers' Day for the first time. → I would be anxious.
Two ferocious dogs are running towards you. → I would be terrified.
[ 4 ] Do you have your own transport?
[ 9 ] What are your interests?
[ 6 ] How long have you been working in your present job?
[ 8 ] What do you do in your spare time?
[ 7 ] Are you willing to work on Saturdays?
[ 5 ] Have you had a job before?
[ 1 ] How old are you?
[ 3 ] Can you type?
[ 2 ] Are you married?
[ 10 ] Where did you have your schooling?
Rohan asked if he could speak to Twisha. Smritiben replied that she was sorry and said that she wasn't in. She asked who was speaking. Rohan replied that his name was Rohan. He asked if she knew what time she would be back. Smritiben replied that she wouldn't be back till ten. Rohan asked if she could give her a message and requested her to ask Twisha to ring him. Smritiben asked what his number was. Rohan told her that it was 91234321 and thanked her.
"I don't think you should tell him about this conversation." → (i) advise
"I am fed up with your being late every day." → (d) complain
"Don't forget to bring some milk on your way back home." → (a) remind
"I am sorry, I can't accept your gift." → (f) refuse
"Can I help you?" → (g) offer
"Would you switch on the fan for me, please?" → (e) request
"I know I made a mistake." → (j) admit
"Why don't we go out somewhere this weekend?" → (h) suggest
"I really think you should join a bank." → (c) encourage
"Don't touch it! It's hot." → (k) warn
She advised me not to tell him about that conversation.
He complained that he was fed up with my being late every day.
My mother reminded me to bring some milk on my way back home.
She refused to accept my gift.
He offered to help me.
She requested me to switch on the fan for her.
He admitted that he had made a mistake.
She suggested going out somewhere that weekend.
My father encouraged me to join a bank.
She warned me not to touch it as it was hot.
Amrapali: How much do you charge for driving course?
Instructor: Rs. 2000/- for a hatchback and 2500/- for sedan.
When transforming direct speech into reported speech:
Punctuation Marks: Quotation marks ("..."), commas (,), and question/exclamation marks (?, !) are omitted in indirect speech.
Reporting Verbs: Generic verbs like said to are changed to specific reporting verbs reflecting tone (asked, told, warned, ordered, advised, suggested).
Conjunctions & Structure:
Imperative sentences use to + verb (or not to + verb for negative commands).
Suggestions with Let's change to suggested + verb-ing or suggested that + subject + should....
Tense & Pronoun Changes: Verb tenses shift into the past, and pronouns change according to the listener/speaker context.
| No. | Sentence | Reporting Verb |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | "I don't think you should tell him about this conversation." | (i) advise |
| 2 | "I am fed up with your being late every day." | (d) complain |
| 3 | "Don't forget to bring some milk on your way back home." | (a) remind |
| 4 | "I am sorry, I can't accept your gift." | (f) refuse |
| 5 | "Can I help you?" | (g) offer |
| 6 | "Would you switch on the fan for me, please?" | (e) request |
| 7 | "I know I made a mistake." | (j) admit |
| 8 | "Why don't we go out somewhere this weekend?" | (h) suggest |
| 9 | "I really think you should join a bank." | (c) encourage |
| 10 | "Don't touch it! It's hot." | (k) warn |
She advised me not to tell him about that conversation.
He complained to me that he was fed up with my being late every day.
Mother reminded me to bring some milk on my way back home.
She refused to accept my gift.
He offered to help me.
She requested me to switch on the fan for her.
He admitted that he had made a mistake.
She suggested going out somewhere that weekend. (or: She suggested that we should go out somewhere that weekend.)
My uncle encouraged me to join a bank.
She warned me not to touch it because it was hot.
I went to a car driving school in the morning and met the instructor there.
I asked him how much they charged for a driving course.
He replied that it was Rs. 2000/- for a hatchback and 2500/- for a sedan.
I asked him if I would be able to get a driving license afterwards.
He replied that it depended on how I took the test at the RTO office, but they could assure me that I would become a confident car driver in twenty days.
I also inquired what the available timings were.
He said that I could come in the morning batch if I wished because the evening one was full.
I asked him which car I would get for driving.
He told me that it was my choice.
He told me to adjust my driving seat.
He told me not to forget to adjust the side mirrors and the central mirror to get the rear view.
He told me not to be so stiff like a statue.
He reminded me that there was a 40 kmph speed limit in the city.
He advised me to always use side signals while taking turns.
He suggested that I should drive a little more slowly. (or: He suggested driving a little more slowly.)
He told me not to drive so fast.
Corrected Paragraph: Some time ago Bhuvan applied for the post of a clerk in a bank. Last Friday he was called for an interview. When he went into the manager's office, the manager told him to sit down and asked him what his name was. Then the manager asked him if he smoked and Bhuvan informed him that he didn't smoke. The manager wanted to know where he had worked earlier and Bhuvan replied that he had worked for two years in a co-operative bank. Then the manager asked him if he could take shorthand and Bhuvan replied that he could. The manager gave him a test and then said he would give him a job on a month's trial. Bhuvan thanked him and asked when he should start work.
"I'm in a bit of a daze," she said wearily. She added that (1) she hadn't slept for 18 hours and she didn't think she could take any more.
Dharmendra Parekh, who has lived in the city all his life, said that (2) he had never known anything like it in his life. He went on to say that (3) he did not know how he was going to face the months of drying out his home.
Dr. Lakdawala, the local doctor, said that (4) that was a dangerous time for the children and for the very old. He also said that muddy river water that has mingled with water from drains and sewers is particularly dangerous. He warned that (5) many diseases were water-borne and therefore it was necessary to be careful.
Mr. Joravarsinh, a team leader of Prayas (NGO), said that (6) people should only use boiled water for drinking. He added that (7) he was glad they were able to help, and (8) their real work would start when the water receded and they would have to give all the support they could.
Amrapali: Will I be able to get driving license after this course?
Instructor: Yes, we will assist you with the entire procedure to get your driving license.
Once upon a time, Ram, the prince of Ayodhya, went into the forest accompanied by his brother Laxman and the great sage Vishwamitra. During their stay in the forest, Ram and Laxman protected the holy sacrifices of the rishis by destroying powerful demons like Tadka and many others.
Later, Sage Vishwamitra took both the princes to Janakpuri to attend the Swayamvar of Princess Sita, the daughter of King Janak. Before the Swayamvar, Ram and Sita happened to meet in a beautiful garden, and it was love at first sight for both of them.
On the day of the Swayamvar, many mighty kings and princes from different kingdoms gathered to win Sita's hand, including the powerful demon king Ravana. The challenge was to lift and string the divine Shivadhanushya (Lord Shiva's bow). One after another, all the kings failed even to move the heavy bow.
When Ram's turn came, he approached the bow humbly, lifted it effortlessly like a light flower, and strung it so gracefully that it broke into two pieces. King Janak was overjoyed. Sita placed the garland around Ram’s neck, and their grand wedding was celebrated with immense joy and blessings.
Nalanda University was one of the most famous and ancient centers of learning in India. Located in modern-day Bihar, about 88 kilometers from Patna, it was established during the Gupta Dynasty and remained a premier seat of international education for centuries. The university covered a vast area of about 14 hectares, housing around 10 temples, numerous classrooms, and serene meditation centers. It accommodated approximately 10,000 students and 2,000 highly learned teachers. Students from all over the world, including Korea, Japan, China, Tibet, Indonesia, and Persia, came here to study. Admission was extremely strict, requiring applicants to pass difficult entrance tests to prove their scholarly ability.
The famous Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang (Hiuen-Tsang) visited Nalanda, stayed there for years, and provided detailed accounts of its glory in his writings. The university possessed a massive library spread across three large buildings, with the primary nine-storeyed building named Ratnasagara. It held precious religious manuscripts and an extensive collection of works on literature, astrology, astronomy, and medicine. Nalanda played a monumental role in spreading Buddhist philosophy worldwide. Tragically, this great institution was destroyed when Bakhtiyar Khilji set fire to it; the library was so vast that it reportedly took three full months to burn to ashes.
To: rahul.patel@email.com
Subject: A tour of my school building campus
Dear Rahul,
I hope you are doing well. I am writing this email to tell you all about my school building and campus layout, which I am very proud of!
Our school campus is very well organized with two main entrances: the North Gate and the South Gate. As you enter from the North Gate, right in front is the main road that cuts through the campus. On the left side near the North Gate, we have a large Library where we spend a lot of our free time reading. Right next to the library is our huge Playground, where all our sports activities and morning assemblies take place.
As you walk down the main road towards the center, you will find the Administrative Office on the left and the Staff Common Rooms on the right. Further down towards the South Gate, the academic section is neatly divided. On the right side of the road, we have the Science Block, which houses three state-of-the-art laboratories: the Physics Lab, Chemistry Lab, and Biology Lab. Opposite the Science Block on the left side are the Arts Block and the Commerce Block.
The entire layout is very spacious and airy. I really love my school campus. Do tell me about your school building in your next email!
Warm regards,
[Your Name]